Ethereum loves pooling operations. Recently, “based” assembly processes have become popular.

What makes existing collections special? Sequence it.

Today's Layer 2 uses a trusted central chainer to request users' transactions before relaying them to Layer 1 for settlement, but backlog pooling defers these enforcement duties to Ethereum's Layer 1 validators. This is also known as "sequence based".

There are two main reasons why this is preferred: censorship resistance and interoperability.

Using Layer 1 as a serializer ensures the same liveness guarantees as Ethereum's Layer 1 blocks, and avoids major complaints of potential censorship surrounding trusted central serializers.

Read more: MagicBlock unlocks the “buffer build-up” technology powered by the a16z

The second advantage of the base groups It is better interoperability. Cumulative proponents like Justin Drake have in recent months touted this feature as “Simultaneous installation capability“, where transactions in Ethereum are serialized (or linked) across different binary layers at the same time.

Simply put, smart contracts based on block blocks will be able to call any other contract on the first layer with near-instant finality within the same block – as if they were all on the same chain.

Composability and “cut money” aren't exactly new; It has always been one of the core features sold with the original vision for Ethereum.

Read more: Revisiting Ethereum Consensus with Beam Chain

But the state of fragmented pools today means that the Arbitrum transaction is out of sync with the Optimism transaction, creating fee uncertainty issues. Uncertainty about fees arises because gas fees are calculated in different time periods, rather than the same time period of 12 seconds for a single Ethereum block.

In addition to making Ethereum It's seamlessly interoperable again, and there are also various kinds of significant cost savings,” explained Ahmed Mazen Bitar, head of technical products at Nethermind and developer of the Ethereum ACD.

“A user may want to swap their token on (Layer 1) but want to take advantage of a deep liquidity pool on (Layer 2). Through concurrent composability, they will be able to push a single transaction from (Layer 1) to (Layer 2), and execute Then return it to (Layer 1).”

The first and largest accumulator group that exists in live production today is Taiko, which has recently seen a boom in TVL and Daily transactions This month.

Other early combo sets are also in early production, e.g leap By Nethermind Team, and UniFi By Puffer Finance Team. Both are Tyco forks.

However, bulk listings don't come without their own drawbacks. Since execution (i.e. serialization duties) is now passed back to the Layer 1 block validators, this means that existing compilations are limited by the 12 second Layer 1 block time.

Thus, the purported benefits of document sets, such as concurrent composability, may be easier said than done. Composable pools may require real-time proof within a 12-second response time, without which pool-based pools cannot execute composable transactions quickly.

Having that kind of rapid proof generation in turn brings other technology adoption into the mix, but Brecht Devos, co-founder and CTO of Taiko, remains confident the technology will catch up.

That's why Taiko recently maybe Two zk proofs on its cluster from Risc Zero and Succinct Labs, as well as Intel's SGX Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). This made it the first cumulative group to rely on multiple proofs in production without relying on a single trusted party.

“SPs are improving rapidly with more TEEs, and faster and cheaper zkVMs and AVSs that can be used. We believe that zk development is going very well and sub-slot latency for proof is not far off.

Another perceived disadvantage of pooling operations is the loss of MEV as a major “revenue” stream, due to the lack of a central sequencer. However, there are great solutions available, DeVos says.

At Taiko, “MEV can also be obtained by auctioning ‘execution tickets’ to layer-one block proposers,” Devos told Blockworks.

As such, while existing compilations by default relinquish serialization rights to Layer 1 validators, this does not have to be the case.

Matthew Edelen, co-founder of Spire Labs, a company that provides clustered infrastructure, shares a similar view. As he explained recently Bell curve Podcast: "Auctions don't have to be the only way to distribute serialization rights. You can distribute 99% of the serialization rights through an auction and give the last 1% to friends or individual participants to look good on L2Beat."

Finally, mid-range EVs may not matter much in the long term. This idea centers on a simple cost-benefit analysis: Today, the bulk of blockchain revenue comes from congestion charges, dwarfing a much smaller share of average EV revenues that are dwindling over time due to better solutions for midsize EVs.

As such, a smarter bundled revenue model is one in which banks rely on the larger network effects of congestion charges coming from concurrent composability, rather than MEV charges.

As explained by Justin Drake on Cumulative Podcast:

“Congestion fees versus contention fees are roughly 80:20 today. 80% of (tier 1) income comes from congestion fees — about 3,200 ETH per day since EIP-1559. MEV is about 800 ETH per day since the merge. My thesis is that this ratio It became more extreme, going from 80:20 to almost 99:1.

In conclusion, the benefits of blockchains bring the Ethereum user experience full circle.

There is a sense of irony here, considering that these are the benefits that blockchain has already had since day one. Concurrent composability and layer-one serialization of transactions has been the norm for all blockchains since the inception of the Bitcoin network.

This deviation in execution layer duties occurred only because A roadmap centered around assembly (or the multi-chain path on Polkadot, Cosmos, and Avalanche) as of the last few years. Document groups are ready to run again.

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